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- $Unique_ID{BRK03607}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Cirrhosis, Primary Biliary}
- $Subject{Cirrhosis, Primary Biliary Hanot's Cirrhosis PBC Wilson's Disease
- Extrahepatic Bile Duct Obstruction Obstructive Biliary Cirrhosis Alcoholic
- Cirrhosis}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1989, 1990, 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders,
- Inc.
-
- 602:
- Cirrhosis, Primary Biliary
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Primary Biliary
- Cirrhosis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to
- find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Hanot's Cirrhosis
- PBC
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Wilson's Disease
- Extrahepatic Bile Duct Obstruction
- Obstructive Biliary Cirrhosis
- Alcoholic Cirrhosis
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
-
- Primary Biliary Cirrhosis is a chronic progressive liver disorder thought
- to be related to abnormalities in the immune system. Obstruction of the
- small bile ducts is accompanied by yellow discoloration of the skin
- (jaundice). Excessive amounts of copper accumulate in the liver, and fibrous
- or granular hardening (induration) of the soft liver tissue develops. This
- disorder occurs mainly in women during the fourth to the seventh decade of
- life, and is marked by four progressive stages.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Primary Biliary Cirrhosis is characterized initially by blockage, then
- deterioration and loss of the small bile ducts inside the liver. This
- results in the abnormal retention (cholestasis) of bile acids, bilirubin,
- copper, and other substances that are normally excreted into bile. These
- substances cause further damage to liver cells. Itching often results from
- the abnormal passage of these substances into the blood, skin and other soft
- tissues of the body. Excessive amounts of fat soluble substances (lipids)
- and cholesterol are found circulating in the blood. Yellow nodules or
- plaques form on the skin and possibly in internal organs.
-
- The bile acid concentration in the intestines is inadequate for complete
- digestion and absorption of fats (triglycerides) in the diet. Additionally,
- normal absorption of Vitamins A, D, E, and K as well as calcium may be
- diminished, and iron deficiency anemia may develop. Loss of bone density
- (osteoporosis) and bone softening (osteomalacia) occurs in approximately
- twenty-five percent of patients.
-
- Primary Biliary Cirrhosis is divided into four symptomatic stages. In
- stage I, the liver is enlarged and destructive lesions affect the large bile
- ducts. Unexplained itching is common and is often worse at night. Increased
- amounts of melanin pigmentation appear in the skin, and patches of skin may
- be shed (excoriation). Fatigue and unexplained weight loss are also common.
-
- In stage II, lesions are more widespread but less specific. Normal bile
- ducts may be lost and increased numbers of poorly formed bile ducts with
- irregularly shaped interior spaces (lumens) are seen on biopsy tests.
- Fibrous cells infiltrate and spread within the liver. Stoppage of bile is
- limited to portal areas.
-
- Stage III is characterized by more progressive lesions in the liver, with
- fibrous infiltration becoming very widespread. Nodule formation may now
- become apparent. Intestinal malabsorption of nutrients may occur in some
- patients, resulting in nocturnal diarrhea, frothy, bulky stools, or weight
- loss even though the patient has a voracious appetite and increased caloric
- intake. Yellow plaques (xanthomas) appear on the skin in approximately ten
- percent of patients. These may be found on the palms of the hands, soles of
- the feet, elbows, knees, in tendons of wrists and/or ankles, and on the
- buttocks. Bone pain is common, as are spontaneous collapse of spinal bone
- segments and hairline fractures of the ribs, usually due to loss of bone
- density (osteoporosis).
-
- Stage IV represents the end stage of lesion formation, with widespread
- hardening of soft liver tissue (cirrhosis) and regenerative nodules.
- Yellowish discoloration (jaundice) of the skin becomes pronounced due to the
- presence of excess bilirubin. It is difficult to distinguish stage IV from
- other types of cirrhosis.
-
- Causes
-
- The exact cause of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis is not known. Some scientists
- believe an autoimmune abnormality may be the cause. Autoimmune disorders are
- caused when the body's natural defenses (antibodies or lymphocytes) against
- invading organisms suddenly begin to attack healthy tissue.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Primary Biliary Cirrhosis affects females in approximately ninety percent of
- cases. Symptoms usually appear in the fourth to seventh decade of life.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Primary
- Biliary Cirrhosis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Wilson's Disease is a rare genetic disorder of copper metabolism
- characterized by excess storage of copper in the body tissues, particularly
- in the liver, brain and corneas of the eyes. It leads eventually to liver
- disease, brain dysfunction, and a characteristic rusty-brown colored ring
- around the cornea of each eye known as a Kayser-Fleischer ring. (For more
- information on this disorder, choose "Wilson" as your search term in the Rare
- Disease Database).
-
- Extrahepatic Bile Duct Obstruction originates outside the liver but may
- produce symptoms similar to those of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis.
-
- Obstructive Biliary Cirrhosis is characterized by fibroid or granular
- hardening of the soft liver tissue due to bile duct obstruction rather than
- deterioration inside the liver typical of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis.
-
- Alcoholic Cirrhosis is characterized by gradual hardening of the soft
- tissue of the liver (cirrhosis) that frequently develops in chronic
- alcoholism. The early stage is marked by liver enlargement due to fatty
- infiltration with mild fibrosis. In late stages, normal liver lobes are
- replaced with small nodules, separated by a framework of fine fibrous tissue
- strands (hobnail liver).
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Treatment of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis is often directed at symptoms. The
- drug cholestyramine relieves itching in almost all patients. Colestipol
- hydrochloride may also be effective against itching. Large-volume
- plasmapheresis may relieve itching in patients who do not respond to drug
- treatment. This procedure is a method for removing unwanted substances
- (toxins, metabolic substances and plasma parts) from the blood. Blood is
- removed from the patient and blood cells are separated from plasma. The
- patient's plasma is then replaced with other human plasma and the blood is
- retransfused into the patient.
-
- Malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins may be treated with vitamin K 1, A,
- D, and calcium supplementation. Iron deficiency anemia responds to oral iron
- supplements. Additional folic acid is recommended for patients taking
- cholestyramine because this drug can cause a folic acid deficiency. Folic
- acid and cholestyramine should be taken several hours apart since they may
- react and prevent folic acid absorption when taken together. Loss of fat in
- the stools (steatorrhea) may be treated by a low-fat diet supplemented with
- medium-chain triglycerides to maintain high caloric intake.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Experimental treatment of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis may involve liver
- transplantation. More research is necessary before this procedure can be
- recommended for all but the most severe cases of this disorder. Trials of
- several drugs including colchicine, prednisolone, D-penicillamine,
- azathioprine, cyclosporin A and chlorambucil are being conducted. However,
- long-term safety and effectiveness of these drugs has not been determined.
-
- The FDA has approved for testing the orphan drug Actigall
- (Ursodeoxycholic Acid) for treatment of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis. The drug
- is manufactured by the Ciba-Geigy Corp., 556 Morris Ave., Summit, NJ, 07901.
-
- The orphan drug Urosofalk (Ursodeoxycholic Acid) is being tested by the
- FDA as a treatment of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis. The drug is manufactured by
- Interfolk U.S., Inc., 25 Margaret St., Plattsburgh, NY, 12901.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- July 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Primary Biliary Cirrhosis, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- Primary Billary Cirrhosis Patient Support Network
- Box 177
- Tamworth, Ontario KOK 3GO
- Canada
- (613) 379-2534
-
- American Liver Foundation
- 1425 Pompton Ave.
- Cedar Grove, N.J. 07009
- (201) 857-2626
- (800) 223-0179
-
- The United Liver Foundation
- 11646 West Pico Blvd.
- Los Angeles, CA 90064
- (213) 445-4204 or 445-4200
-
- Children's Liver Foundation
- 14245 Ventura Blvd.
- Sherman Oaks, CA 91423
- (818) 906-3021
-
- National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
- Box NDDIC
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 468-6344
-
- References
-
- INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and
- Co., 1987. Pp. 225-226.
-
- TRANSPLANTATION OF LIVER, HEART, AND LUNGS FOR PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS
- AND PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION: J. Wallwork, et al.; Lancet (July 25,
- 1987, issue 2(8552)). Pp. 182-185.
-
- CLINICAL AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF NEW AND EVOLVING THERAPIES FOR
- PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS: R.H. Wiesner, et al.; Hepatology (May-June 1988,
- issue 8(3)). Pp. 668-676.
-
- TREATMENT OF PRURITIS IN PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS WITH RIFAMPIN. RESULTS
- OF A DOUBLE-BLIND, CROSSOVER, RANDOMIZED TRIAL: C.N. Ghent, et al.;
- Gastroenterology (February 1988, issue 94(2)). Pp. 488-493.
-
-